Introduction

Badkapath The Badkapath Irrigation Project (BIP) area is located on the left bank of the Rapti River, covering most of the cultivable area of ​​three VDCs, namely Gobardiha, Gangaparaspur and Gadhwa, in Wards 1-7 of Gadhwa Rural Municipality. At present, farmers use local streams to irrigate their land during the monsoon season. During the winter season, when the streams do not reach the land, farmers are forced to rely on rainwater to irrigate their land. There is no proper structure to control water in the canals, especially during floods. Due to the temporary nature of the system, farmers have to face a terrible hardship after each flood and landslide damages the attempt to successfully divert the river water. A number of secondary and sub-secondary systems are being diverted from local streams by constructing diversion structures made from local soil and forest produce. Thus, the technical and other resource capacities for operation and maintenance are beyond the capacity of the local farmers. Praganna The Praganna Total Irrigation System (PKIS) is an old system of Farmer Managed Irrigation System (FMIS) located in Deukhuri Valley of Dang District in the mid-western part of the country (Figure 1). The system was developed by the farmers themselves about 100 years ago without any financial support from the government. The total net command area of ​​this system is 5799 hectares. The source of water for this system is the West Rapti River. A three-side intake has been constructed on the right bank of the West Rapti River. Apart from this, the Dolai Khola and Singai Khola originating from the Shivalik Range are also used to supply water to the command area.